![]() ![]() Knudsen Just Pomegranate Knudsen & Sons, Inc., Chico, CA) PJ7 (Aromaproduct Ltd., Product of Georgia distributed by Tamani, Inc., New York, NY). S.A.L., Beirut, Lebanon) PJ5 (Kradjian, Import & Wholesale Distribution, Glendale, CA. ![]() Pomegranate juices (PJ) were purchased in local New York City stores their origin is given in parentheses: PJ1 (Madeira Enterprises Inc., Madeira, CA) PJ2 was prepared from fresh ripe pomegranates in our laboratory PJ3 (Sadaf ® Sadaf ® Foods, Los Angeles, CA additional ingredients: fructose, citric acid) PJ4 (Cortas Canning & Refrigeration Co. Here we report the outcome of screening fruit juices neutralized to pH ≈ 7 to discount nonspecific effects caused by acidity. This approach has already led to the discovery of cellulose acetate 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate (used for coating of enteric tablets and capsules) as a promising candidate microbicide. Qualifying candidates to be considered for microbicide development may possibly be discovered by screening pharmaceutical excipients (= "inactive" ingredients of pharmaceutical dosage forms) and foods, respectively, for anti-viral properties. This would be facilitated if mass manufactured products with established safety records were to be found to have anti-HIV-1 activity. To avoid a similar dichotomy with respect to microbicides, they should be designed and selected to become affordable and widely accessible, while shortening the time between research and development and their marketing and distribution as much as possible. Treatment with anti-retroviral drugs has decreased mortality from AIDS in industrialized countries but has had a minimal effect so far in developing countries. The formulations must not adversely affect the target tissues, and should not cause them to become more susceptible to infection after microbicide removal. Conceptually, it is preferred that the active ingredient(s) of microbicide formulations (1) block virus entry into susceptible cells by preventing HIV-1 binding to the cellular receptor CD4, the coreceptors CXCR4/CCR5 and to receptors on dendritic/migratory cells (capturing and transmitting virus to cells which are directly involved in virus replication), respectively, and/or (2) are virucidal. topical formulations designed to block HIV-1 infection (and possibly transmission of other sexually transmitted diseases) when applied vaginally (and possibly rectally) before intercourse. The latter correspond to microbicides, i.e. This includes educational efforts and application of mechanical and/or chemical barrier methods. Thus, other prevention strategies are urgently needed. Anti-HIV-1 vaccines applicable to global immunization programs are not expected to become available for many years. ![]()
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